List of West Africa hurricanes

From Wikipedia

This list of West Africa hurricanes includes all tropical cyclones which originated in the Atlantic and directly or indirectly affected the west coast of Africa or its surrounding islands, or both. Atlantic hurricanes seldom directly affect West Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, or the Canary Islands, since easterly winds carry the storms away from land, and most Atlantic storms that move off the African coast tend to be weak.

 

Tropical Storm Delta before hitting the Canary Islands on November 28, 2005

List of tropical cyclones

This is a list of tropical cyclones that have either made direct landfall in Western Africa and its surrounding islands or have come close to making landfall. 

Before 1950

• September 10, 1900: A tropical storm formed on September 8, 1900, at 10°N-18.5°W and moved northwestward. The storm rapidly gained strength as it reached hurricane on September 9. The hurricane continued moving northwestward as it bypassed the Cape Verde Islands to the west at Category 1 strength. The storm later reached Category 2 status after passing the islands. Despite its close proximity to the islands, it's unclear if any watches or warnings were issued nor were any reports of damage or fatalities reported from the storm.^[1]
• August 29, 1901: A tropical depression formed on August 29 and moved westward where it became a tropical storm. The storm brushed the Cape Verde's before continuing on westward and becoming a hurricane. The storm caused no damage on the islands.^[2]
• August 25, 1906: A tropical storm brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a 40 mph (64 km/h) tropical storm causing no damage. Days later, the storm strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane.^[3]
• September 2, 1927 : A weak tropical storm passed through the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a category 2 hurricane. There was no recorded damage after the storm's passing through the islands.^[4]
• September 6, 1928: The 1928 Lake Okeechobee Hurricane passed through the Cape Verde Islands as a weak tropical storm.^[5]
• September 10, 1938: Before becoming a hurricane, the 1938 New England Hurricane passed through the Cape Verde Islands as a 40 mph (64 km/h) tropical storm.^[6]
• September 5, 1947: The Fort Lauderdale Hurricane brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a Category 1 hurricane at 0000 UTC. There were no reports of damage or injuries from the hurricane.^[7]
• September 5, 1948: A mid season hurricane brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a Category 1 storm. There were no reports of damage or injuries from that storm.^[8]

1950-1979

• August 19, 1952: Tropical Depression Two struck the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.^[9]
• August 28, 1953: Tropical Depression Four passed through the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.^[10]
• September 3, 1957: While transitioning to a tropical storm, Tropical Depression Four passed south of the Cape Verde Islands causing no damage.^[11]
• August 8, 1958: Tropical Depression Two passed through the Cape Verde Islands before reaching tropical storm strength. There were no reports of damage.^[12]
• September 5, 1964: Tropical Depression Eight brushed the Cape Verde Islands before reaching tropical storm strength. The storm caused no known damage.^[13]
• September 5, 1967: Tropical Depression Three passed through the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.^[14]
• October 5, 1967: Tropical Storm Ginger formed east of the Cape Verde Islands on October 5. The storm reached a peak intensity of 50 mph before dissipating two days later. Ginger's formation was the farthest east on record for an Atlantic tropical cyclone.^[15][16]
• September 12, 1968: Tropical Depression Seven brushed the Cape Verde Islands before reaching tropical storm strength.^[17]
• August 25, 1973: Tropical Depression Nine formed over western Africa at 10°N-15°W before reaching tropical storm strength.^[18]
• September 15, 1973: Tropical Storm Ellen brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a 45 mph (72 km/h) tropical storm,^[19] before becoming a hurricane.
• September 4, 1979: Tropical Depression Eleven brushed the northern Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.^[20]

1980-1999

 

Tropical Storm Beryl

• September 4, 1980: Tropical Depression Nine brushed the northern Cape Verde Islands hours before becoming a hurricane.^[21]
• August 29, 1982: Tropical Storm Beryl of 1982 passed south of the Cape Verde Islands, killing 3 people and injuring 112 people.^[22][23]
• September 16, 1984: Tropical Depression Nine bypassed the Cape Verde Islands to the south before reaching tropical storm strength.^[24] The storm killed 31 people, mainly from landslides and flooding.^[23]
• September 8, 1988: Tropical Storm Thirteen formed extremely close to western Africa on September 6 where it moved slightly northwestward and dissipated. It was not named because of its extreme location at the time, and it was originally thought to be a tropical depression. However, post storm analysis revealed that the system had maintained tropical storm strength for at least 48 hours. The storm produced heavy rain but caused no reported damage.
• September 18, 1989: Before reaching hurricane status, Hurricane Erin passed through the Cape Verde Islands as a tropical depression, causing no damage.^[25]
• September 21, 1998: Hurricane Jeanne of 1998 passed south of the Cape Verde Islands as a Category 1 hurricane.^[26] Because of Jeanne's rapid formation, forecasters predicted that the storm will bring tropical storm conditions to the Cape Verde Islands. However, the storm's center stayed off shore and there were no reports of damage.^[27]

2000-present

 

Hurricane Fred at Category 1 strength over Cape Verde on August 31, 2015.

 

• August 4, 2000: The tropical wave that later became Hurricane Alberto dropped 1 inch (25 mm) of rain across Dakar, Senegal and produced winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) off the West African coastline.^[28]
• September 9, 2003: Tropical Depression Fourteen brushed the Cape Verde Islands after reaching peak intensity of 35 mph (56 km/h).^[29] The depression produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds to the islands.^[30]
• November 23, 2005: Tropical Storm Delta, after meandering eastward in the Atlantic Ocean for several days, struck the Canary Islands shortly after becoming extratropical, and 70 mph (110 km/h) winds with 90 mph (150 km/h) gusts caused over $360 million (2005 USD) in damage and nineteen deaths.^[31][32] The remnants of Delta then struck Morocco, where no damage was reported.
• August 21, 2006: Tropical Storm Debby passed south of the Cape Verde Islands as a tropical depression. A tropical storm warning was issued for the Cape Verde Islands, but was discontinued when Debby turned further westward and away from the islands.
• September 9, 2010: Tropical Storm Igor passed about 30 miles (48 km) to the south of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands,^[33] bringing tropical storm force winds to Brava & Fogo,^[34] before reaching hurricane strength.
• August 31, 2015: Hurricane Fred reached Category 1 strength as it hit Cape Verde, resulting in hurricane conditions across many of the islands. Seven people died when their fishing boat capsized off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, and another two fishermen were presumed dead after never returning to Boa Vista.
• September 8, 2018: Tropical Storm Helene dropped heavy rainfall in Guinea, triggering flooding that claimed three lives in Doko.^[35]

Monitoring stations

The Cape Verde Islands has only one tropical cyclone monitoring station in Sal.^[36] In Western Africa, there are three tropical cyclone monitoring stations in Dakar, Senegal,^[37] Bamako, Mali^[38] and Niamey, Niger^[39]

Climatological statistics

At least 31 tropical cyclones have affected Western Africa and its surrounding islands since records began in 1851. The majority of the storms affect West Africa and Cape Verde islands during the months of August and September which are the active months of a typical Atlantic hurricane season.^[40]

Month Number of recorded storms affecting West Africa August 10 September 19 October 1 November 1

Deadliest storms

The following is a list of Atlantic tropical storms that caused fatalities in West Africa and its surrounding islands.

Name	Year	Number of deaths
Fran	1984	31
Delta	2005	19
Fred	2015	9
Beryl	1982	3
Helene	2018	3

See also

• Tropical cyclones portal

• Tropical cyclone
• List of Atlantic hurricanes
• List of notable tropical cyclones

References

Weather Underground (2007). "Weather Underground 1900 Archive". Retrieved 2007-01-11.

Weather Underground (2007). "Weather Underground 1901 Archive". Retrieved 2007-01-11.

Weather Underground (2007). "Weather Underground 1906 Archive". Retrieved 2007-01-11.

Weather Underground (2007). "Weather Underground 1927 Archive". Retrieved 2007-01-11.

Weather Underground (2007). "Weather Underground 1928 Archive". Retrieved 2007-01-11.

Weather Underground (2007). "Weather Underground 1938 Archive". Retrieved 2007-01-11.

Weather Underground (2007). "Weather Underground 1947 Archive". Retrieved 2007-01-10.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1948 Archive". Retrieved 2006-08-15.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1952 Archive". Retrieved 2006-08-02.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1953 Archive". Retrieved 2006-08-02.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1957 Archive". Retrieved 2006-08-02.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1958 Archive". Retrieved 2006-08-02.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1964 Archive". Retrieved 2006-08-02.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1967 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-21.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1967 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-24.

Arnold L. Sugg and Joseph M. Pelmisser (1968). "Hurricane Season of 1967" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved 2006-07-24.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1968 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-21.

Hurricane.com (2007). "Tropical Storm Christine (1973) best track data". Retrieved 2007-05-08.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1973 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-21.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1979 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-20.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1980 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-21.

Gilbert C. Clark (1983). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1982" (PDF). NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2006-07-17.

National Hurricane Center (2005). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-07-17.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1984 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-17.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1989 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-17.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 1998 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-17.

Mayfield (1998). "Tropical Storm Jeanne Advisory #2". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-07-17.

Gary Paddget (2000). "Monthly Global Tropical Summary for June". Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved 2007-11-27.

Weather Underground (2006). "Weather Underground 2003 Archive". Retrieved 2006-07-17.

Alvia (2003). "Tropical Depression Fourteen Discussion #8". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-11-26.

Staff Writer (2005). "Delta force in the Canaries". Tenerife News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2006-07-17.

Staff Writer (2005). "Delta: Aftermath and Impact". Tenerife News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2006-07-17.

FORECASTER CANGIALOSI/BRENNAN (2010). "TROPICAL STORM IGOR ADVISORY NUMBER 5". NOAA. Retrieved 2010-09-10.

UNKNOWN (2010). "TROPICAL STORM IGOR CUMULATIVE WIND HISTORY". NOAA. Retrieved 2010-09-10.

Mohamed Moro Sacko (September 6, 2018). "Siguiri : Trois morts suite à des pluies duliviennnes à Doko" (in French). Guinea News. Retrieved September 8, 2018.

National Hurricane Center (2007). "NHC database". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-09-26.

National Hurricane Center (2007). "61641 Dakar, Senegal". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-09-26.

National Hurricane Center (2007). "61291 Bamako, Mali". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-09-26.

National Hurricane Center (2007). "61052 Niamey, Niger". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-09-26.

Chris Landsea (2007). "FAQ Subject: A2) What is a "Cape Verde" hurricane?". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-12-14.

 

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• Lists of tropical cy

• clones by area
• Tropical cyclones in Africa

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Ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030: Scientific Developments from the 2016 INTEREST Conference in Yaoundé, Cameroon

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Abstract

The underpinning theme of the 2016 INTEREST Conference held in Yaoundé, Cameroon, 3–6 May 2016 was ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Focused primarily on HIV treatment, pathogenesis and prevention research in resource-limited settings, the conference attracted 369 active delegates from 34 countries, of which 22 were in Africa. Presentations on treatment optimization, acquired drug resistance, care of children and adolescents, laboratory monitoring and diagnostics, implementation challenges, HIV prevention, key populations, vaccine and cure, hepatitis C, mHealth, financing the HIV response and emerging pathogens, were accompanied by oral, mini-oral and poster presentations. Spirited plenary debates on the UNAIDS 90-90-90 treatment cascade goal and on antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis took place. Joep Lange career guidance sessions and grantspersonship sessions attracted early career researchers. At the closing ceremony, the Yaoundé Declaration called on African governments; UNAIDS; development, bilateral, and multilateral partners; and civil society to adopt urgent and sustained approaches to end HIV by 2030.

 

Introduction

The goal to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 [1] was the underpinning theme of the 10th International Workshop on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis, and Prevention Research in Resource-Limited Settings (2016 INTEREST Conference) held in Yaoundé, Cameroon, 3–6 May 2016. The meeting attracted 369 active delegates from 34 countries of which 22 were in Africa (Cameroon, South Africa, Nigeria, Cote D’Ivoire, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Benin, Burkina Faso, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda and Swaziland). Spirited plenary debates on the UNAIDS 90-90-90 (90-90-90 refers to the targets of 90% of people living with HIV knowing their serostatus, 90% of those who know they are HIV-positive being on antiretroviral treatment [ART] and 90% of those on ART achieving viral suppression. This translates into 73% of all people living with HIV being virally suppressed) treatment cascade goal for 2020 [2] and on antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) took place. There were presentations on treatment optimization, acquired drug resistance, care of children and adolescents, laboratory monitoring and diagnostics, implementation challenges, HIV prevention, key populations, vaccine and cure, hepatitis C, mHealth, financing the HIV response and emerging pathogens [3].

In addition to oral, mini-oral and poster presentations, early morning Joep Lange research career guidance sessions saw mid-career and senior investigators explain how they got started on a research career and give advice on how to get funded, choose a mentor and get published. Parallel research grantspersonship sessions were presented by ANRS (France Recherche Nord & Sud Sidahepatites); Fogarty International Center, US National Institutes of Health; and EDCTP (European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership).

 

HIV in Cameroon

Cameroon’s Minister of Public Health, André Mama Fouda, opened the conference. Dr JB Elat, Permanent Secretary of the National AIDS Programme, presented an overview of HIV in Cameroon. HIV prevalence in 2011 was 4.3%, with urban populations and women disproportionately affected: 5.6% of women versus 2.9% of men. Compared to the general population, men who have sex with men (MSM) have 8–14× higher (24–44%), truck drivers have 5× higher (16%) and female sex workers (FSW) have 6× higher (36%) HIV prevalence. Clients of FSW account for 36% of new HIV infections annually. After Cameroon’s ART programme began in 2000, HIV prevalence fell by 20% between 2004 and 2011 from 5.5% to 4.3%. Prenatal consultations for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) increased steadily from 2009, with attendance reaching 74% in 2015. Between 2005 and 2015, the number of people on ART increased 10-fold and approximately 7,000 children now receive ART. In 2015, 882,639 Cameroonians were tested for HIV. Cameroon aims to increase access to HIV testing and treatment services, reduce stigma, strengthen supply chains, tailor HIV prevention for key populations and build civil society capacity. Poor retention in care remains a weak link in Cameroon’s progress towards 90-90-90 [4].

 

Achieving 90-90-90

Passionate debate presenting opposing viewpoints on 90-90-90 saw pessimists emphasize factors preventing achievement of the Fast-Track Initiative targets: insufficient resources (human, infrastructure, financial), inability to reach all people living with HIV (PLHIV) and retain them in care, risk of emerging drug resistance and international donor fatigue. Optimists highlighted the 17 million PLHIV on ART globally, opportunities to halt the HIV epidemic now and examples of countries close to achieving 73% viral suppression targets. Although achieving 90-90-90 is judged desirable, during the debate more conference participants became convinced the proposed time frame is too short.

The first 90: HIV testing

More than 150 million HIV tests are conducted in low- and middle-income countries annually and although the goal of diagnosing 90% of PLHIV is achievable, testing must be performed with 100% accuracy because of the profound consequences of misdiagnosis at both the individual and population level [5]. Outreach programmes are necessary for marginalized, stigmatized, often criminalized and hard to reach key populations. Community-based testing can reach healthy people early in their infection and link them to care [6]. Identifying all HIV+ children and adolescents requires case-finding approaches for chronic HIV survivors, intensified facility-based testing and decentralized and simplified HIV testing at point of care [7].

The second 90: ART

The World Health Organization recommends ART be offered immediately to everyone diagnosed with HIV infection, regardless of their CD4⁺ T-cell count measuring immune status [8]. Globally, 17 million people (46% of PLHIV) are on ART [9]. Voluntary licensing is enabling generic companies to provide antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in effective, well tolerated, and quality-assured individual or combination formulations for 100–130 USD per year. Voluntary licensing of drugs such as dolutegravir and tenofovir alafenamide may reduce this cost to 60 USD/year; however, more efficacy and safety data in pregnant women and HIV–TB-coinfected patients are needed [10]. Robust supply chains are essential to prevent stock-outs and ensure continuity of ART. Fulfilling high-income countries’ commitment to spend 0.7% of gross national income on overseas development assistance [11] can assist resource-limited countries but increasing domestic health-care funding in sub-Saharan Africa to reach the Abuja target of 15% of annual government expenditures being devoted to health will reduce donor dependency and facilitate sustainable programmes [12]. Building on the global success of generic ART, generic versions of drugs for tuberculosis, cancer and hepatitis B and C could facilitate drug access for people in resource-limited settings around the world at very affordable prices.

The third 90: viral suppression

Tracking viral suppression requires rapid scale-up of viral load monitoring, necessitating improved efficiencies in sample collection, transportation and laboratory performance; timely transmission of results to clinics and patients; and rapid appropriate action [13]. Treatment retention in Africa at 36 months is estimated at only 65% [14]. Poor adherence leads to drug resistance [15], requiring effective interventions, including mHealth and group delivery, to support retention in care and adherence. Innovations must be anchored in a comprehensive understanding of the multiple barriers facing people on ART, including adolescents who have important retention and adherence challenges.

The WHO recommends that ART scale-up be accompanied by high-quality HIV drug resistance surveillance, achieved by investing in human and laboratory resources, innovative and efficient technical approaches, robust supply chains and quality assurance measures. Political and community commitment is needed to overcome limited laboratory capacity in sub-Saharan Africa and support studies identifying suitable ARV options. These include the ultra-deep pyrosequencing work showing that protease inhibitors and mara-viroc are likely to be effective in young Cameroonian children (the author of this abstract received the Joep Lange award for the top-scoring abstract by an African scientist at the 10th INTEREST Conference) [16], as are protease inhibitors in Ugandan children [17].

 

HIV prevention

More than 10 million voluntary medical male circumcisions (VMMC) have been performed, with high adult MC prevalence countries moving to establish sustainable VMMC HIV prevention programmes focused on early infant and early adolescent MC [18].

PrEP with ARV drugs has achieved regulatory approval in South Africa and Kenya, following WHO guidance recommending PrEP when HIV incidence is 3% or more [8]. Follow-on studies and demonstration projects of oral PrEP among serodiscordant couples and MSM have shown higher adherence than in trial settings, possibly because people know that they are taking an effective product [19]. Novel products and delivery options under investigation include injectables that would be taken every 2 to 3 months, vaginal gel and ring formulations, and monoclonal antibodies. PrEP works for anyone experiencing a high risk of HIV exposure during a specific time of his or her life. A debate on whether Africa was ready for PrEP persuaded some who were sure it was ready to wonder whether regulatory, logistical, equity and other issues had all been adequately addressed. Importantly, PrEP implementation requires intensified investment in HIV testing strategies across Africa, which would result in the increased knowledge of serostatus that can improve entry into the 90-90-90 treatment cascade.

 

Vaccine and cure

The search for a vaccine, following the promising results of RV 144 [20], includes active and passive approaches to HIV prevention. Clade-specific trials in South Africa and elsewhere are part of the pox-protein public-private partnership (P5) evaluating pox-protein candidates. Hypothesis-generating Phase IIb trials are underway of passive immunisation strategies involving monoclonal antibodies using trivalent and tetravalent vectors to obtain broader coverage against HIV [21]. Research to understand differences in viral reservoirs with implications for cure strategies has found that Ugandans without HIV infection have increased immune activation and lymph node pathology that resembles early HIV infection among patients in Minnesota, USA [22]. If they acquire HIV in an environment where life-long exposure to various pathogens already predisposes them to high levels of T-cell activation, they may develop a larger HIV reservoir leading to persistent immune activation, subsequent lymph node fibrosis and reduced immune reconstitution. Pre-existing T-cell activation thus may account for population differences in responsiveness to immune therapy strategies, with fibrosis limiting diffusion of therapeutic agents into lymph nodes where the virus replicates.

 

Key populations

Success in bringing down HIV prevalence among sex workers in Rwanda, Burkina Faso, Kenya and Namibia highlights data gaps on successful interventions among men involved in sex work, regular partners of female sex workers and girls under 18 years who receive money or goods in exchange for sexual services. Exciting new developments include studies of PrEP use, integration of HIV and sexual and reproductive health services, and use of mobile technology, social media and biometric measures to assist in studying mobile sex work populations. Striking data on the use of heroin, tramadol and other opioids have led to the African Union Plan of Action on Drug Control that recognizes the burden of HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs in Africa. Political barriers to holistic harm reduction remain for illicit drugs and for alcohol, a psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties that has been strongly linked to HIV risk in Africa and around the world [23]. MSM have high HIV risks and continue to be criminalized in many African countries, making it difficult to reach them with services. In eight African countries, between 25 and 65% of these men aged 18–19 years are meeting male sexual partners online [24], suggesting that social media and mobile platforms could help increase their access to HIV prevention and treatment.

 

Emerging pathogens – lessons learned for and from HIV

The Ebola epidemic of 2014–2015 and epidemics of re-emerging pathogens, such as Zika and Lassa Fever, have shown that high-quality studies can run alongside the outbreak response, but health-care systems must be strengthened now before more epidemics occur. Designing and running Ebola clinical trials proved challenging in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. In Guinea, a ‘ring vaccination’ trial design was used to evaluate a vaccine candidate, with real-time modifications to take account of the rapidly changing epidemic and logistical issues [25]. The impact of favipiravir on Ebola virus disease was evaluated in a single arm, proof-of-concept trial that found it well-tolerated but could not draw firm conclusions about efficacy [26]. Ideally, outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging pathogens should be anticipated and potential drugs and vaccines for them investigated on an ongoing basis so that efficacy trials can be initiated quickly when an outbreak occurs. Engaging stakeholders, including community stakeholders, at all stages of a clinical trial contributes to robust trial design, facilitates trial conduct by addressing rumours and enhancing participant retention, and helps ensure ownership of the results for action [27]. Addressing ethical issues is key to ensuring that studies are conducted ethically, communities support them and post-trial legacies are assured [28]. Robust public health infrastructure, appropriate legislation and community involvement were key in containing an Ebola outbreak of 20 cases in Nigeria and subsequent health-care system investments have upgraded disease surveillance, research infrastructure and treatment facilities [29].

 

Conclusions

Although ART coverage in sub-Saharan Africa increased from 24% in 2010 to 54% in 2015, reaching a regional total of 10.3 million people [9], late diagnosis of HIV infection, loss to follow-up and poor ART adherence contributed to 790,000 people dying of AIDS-related causes in 2014. New adult HIV infections remain a concern: 25% are adolescent girls and young women and more than 20% are from key populations. An estimated 25.5 million people are living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, with women accounting for 56% [9]. There has been a 48% decline in new HIV infections among children in the 21 Global Plan priority countries [30], but 190,000 African children acquired HIV infection in 2014 [31].

The 10th INTEREST Conference heard a call for leadership and activism among HIV investigators and physicians to show global solidarity with PLHIV worldwide and to ensure that resources are used effectively. Sub-Saharan Africa loses over 150 billion USD/year through illicit financial flows [32], corruption and money laundering [12]. This money could replace international donations and fund health care throughout the continent. At the closing ceremony, the Yaoundé Declaration [33] (Additional file 1) was read out, calling on African governments; UNAIDS; development, bilateral, and multilateral partners; and civil society to adopt urgent and sustained approaches to end HIV by 2030 [34,35].

 

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Wendy Smith (Wordsmiths International Ltd, Wells, UK) for providing meeting notes that were used as background materials for writing the manuscript. The INTEREST 2016 organizers acknowledge the support of the Ministry of Public Health, Cameroon; the National Institutes of Health and the Fogarty International Center, USA; the ANRS (France Recherche Nord & Sud Sidahepatites); and the following companies: Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, ViiV Healthcare, Roche and Mylan. 

See also

The History of AIDS in Africa
AIDS (tag in our blog)

 

Footnotes

Additional file

Additional file 1: The Yaoundé Declaration can be found at https://www.intmedpress.com/uploads/documents/3939_Hankins_Addfile1.pdf

Disclosure statement

All 12 authors reviewed previous drafts of the manuscript and approve its contents. None of the authors have a conflict of interest, with the exception of CABB of the company Virology Education that provided logistical support for the conference. 

 

References

 

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