Εμφάνιση αναρτήσεων με ετικέτα Blood diamonds. Εμφάνιση όλων των αναρτήσεων
Εμφάνιση αναρτήσεων με ετικέτα Blood diamonds. Εμφάνιση όλων των αναρτήσεων

Δευτέρα 19 Ιουνίου 2017

Sierra Leone - Poverty, diamonds, war & the Orthodox Church


Video (in Greek & English) from P4K



The charity Paradise Kids for Africa (PK4A) was first established in Australia to help Rev Themi and other missionaries in their calling from God; now with committees all around the world, made up of dedicated Christians in the Orthodox Church and in other Churches, PK4A have set themselves apart by being a total Voluntary organization with no one receiving any remuneration, (not even Brother Themi), by funding his outreach to anyone who will listen and to other missions as directed by Brother Themi. 

See

Sierra Leone
Orthodox Sierra Leone
Blood diamonds

Africa’s Wars 
African Children 
Orthodox Mission
 

Παρασκευή 2 Δεκεμβρίου 2016

Top 10: Filmes sobre a África


Passaporte Africa
7 de junho de 2012


Em primeiro lugar, bom feriado aos nossos leitores! E pra aproveitar esses dias que ficamos em casa só curtindo, uma sessão com 10 filmes sobre a África para vocês conhecerem mais sobre esse lugar enquanto estão longe da escola.
Aproveitem!

1) Hotel Ruanda-Hotel Rwanda,(EUA/ Itália / África do Sul) 2004



Um gerente de Hotel de luxo em Ruanda, durante o conflito ente tutsis e hutus, consegue salvar milhares de vidas, permitindo que as pessoas fiquem no hotel. Baseado numa história verídica.

2) O Senhor das Armas-Lord of Technorati 

(Marcas:filmes,africa,dez,lista,cinema,hotel,ruanda - War (EUA) 2005)



Traficante de armas, sem o menor escrúpulo, fornece armamentos para milícias africanas, contribuindo para guerras civis e violência.

3) O Jardineiro Fiel -The Constant Gardener (EUA) 2005



4) Diamante de Sangue -Blood Diamond (EUA) 2006



Homem tem seu filho seqüestrado pela milícia para ser treinado para matar e vai em busca dele. O filme mostra o tráfico de diamantes em Serra Leoa e as conseqüências dele.


5) Crianças Invisíveis – All the Invisible Children (Itália) 2005



 

Documentário que mostra a situação de crianças em vários países, inclusive no Brasil. São mostradas as crianças na África que sofrem seqüestro e lavagem cerebral para se tornarem assassinos para as milícias.

6) Amor sem Fronteiras – Beyond Borders( EUA) 2003




Mulher da alta sociedade conhece um médico idealista e se apaixona por ele. O primeiro acampamento mostrado fica na África. O filme mostra os próprios africanos que roubam doações de alimentos e remédios dos civis para alimentar as milícias.


7) Um Herói do Nosso Tempo- Va, Vis et Deviens (França / Bélgica / Israel / Itália) 2005




Menino negro se passa por judeu para ser levado a Israel e ter condições de sobreviver. Na época, o país estava resgatando os judeus negros da em situação de miséria. Mesmo entre os judeus, existe o preconceito pelo fato dele ser negro.


8) O último Rei da Escócia - The Last King of Scotland(Inglaterra) 2006




Jovem escocês recém formado em Medicina decide partir numa aventura e trabalhar em Uganda. Acaba conhecendo por acaso o ditador Ide Amim, que acaba simpatizando com ele. O jovem passa a freqüentar festas e a alta sociedade e não faz idéia do que é capaz o ditador.Baseado numa história real.


9) Infância Roubada – Tsotsi (África do Sul / Inglaterra) 2005




Jovem rouba carro e só depois percebe que tem um bebê dentro. Ele leva a criança para uma moça que ele mal conhecer cuidar e começa a se apegar a criança.

10) Um Grito de Liberdade – Cry Freedom( Inglaterra) 2007




Filme sobre o apartheid na África do Sul, mostra a amizade entre um líder negro Stephen Biko e um jornalista branco. Baseado em uma história real.

Esses são alguns dos filmes que abordam as temáticas africanas, embora existam outros bons também. Pretendo fazer uma segunda parte deste post, com os filmes que faltaram aqui. Acabei lembrando de diversos filmes.
Esses filmes podem ser utilizados por educadores nas escolas para ilustrar os diversos temas que abordam.

Fonte: Cinemanet

Πέμπτη 4 Αυγούστου 2016

Mutilation and torture for the blood diamonds!


Truth about Bloody trade of Diamonds...


Blood diamonds are also called as Conflict diamonds which are used to illegal mining and selling of diamonds by rebels in Africa. Profits from this illegal trade have been used by Leader and rebels in Africa to buy arms to fight against armies, but to kill and injury innocent civilians, and also children. The countries involved in trade of blood diamonds are Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, and Sierra Leone…
In 1866 near Orange River 21.25 carat diamond was found which was named as ‘Eureka’ diamond. In 1869 at same place a brilliant 83.5 Carat white diamond was also found.  After these controversial news that land was sold and mines were established. De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited was thus formed in 1888. As a group, they owned all of Premier, most of Kimberly, and several other mines. The company was granted an official listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange in August 1893.

In the beginning of 1970s, groups who were against to the government tried to gain control on diamond mining and trading industry in the southern and eastern part of the Sierra Leone. They were interested in diamonds as a way of gaining money to buy weapons to use in their war against the government. The Revolutionary United Front (RUF), formed in 1991 which was able to benefit from the diamond trade. Diamonds were smuggled across the border of Liberia.
Liberia exported more than 30 million carats of diamonds to Belgium, Brussels where the Diamond High Council is located. The world diamond trade is controlled by the organization of Diamond high council. Diamonds from Liberia are then re-exported to other countries where they are cut into cosmetic gemstones to be sold in jewelry stores. The president of Liberia, Charles Taylor, has personally supported the RUF. And President of Liberia has allowed weapons smuggling from Liberia to Sierra Leone for RUF.

Diamonds have been used to bring terrible suffering and, at times, death to innocent people throughout Sierra Leone.
Revolutionary United Front killed, threatened, and even cut off the arms of people living and working in diamond villages until they were able to take control of the mines in the area. Then the group moved on to the next village to do more of the same, effectively terrorizing the entirety of Sierra Leone, to the point that many people fled their homes in fear.
The RUF caused a terror in Sierra Leone. In the time period of 1991 to 1999, 75,000 innocent Sierra Leoneans were killed in the bloody war, more than 200,000 were injured, a two million Sierra Leoneans and became refugees in the neighboring countries of Guinea and Liberia, and approximately half of the country’s 4.5 million citizens were forced to leave their homes to seek safe place in other country of Africa. According to National Geographic News, all of these conflicts resulted in the deaths of more than 4 million people.

Finally Blood diamond conflict ended in 2002. De Beers denied all accusations again and again, but they were slapped with 10 million dollar fine in June of 2004.  De Beers admitted to price fixing, promised not to do it again, and paid the fine. The Kimberley Process was invented by the diamond industry and put into practice by the United Nations which aims to the diamond trading and to stop blood diamond. According to Kimberley now 97 percent of diamonds are not blood diamond. But be pretty much sure about the diamond certification before purchasing a diamond ring for your love one…

Click:

The Orthodox Church in Sierra Leone
The Orthodox Church in Angola, st. Eleftherios (the "Man of Freedom") & st. Paisios of Holy Mount
The Orthodox Church of Liberia is within the local jurisdiction of the Holy Archdiocese of Conakry and Guinea

Παρασκευή 22 Ιουλίου 2016

“Blood Diamonds”: Torture Camps Discovered in Zimbabwe!


 
Zimbabwe's President Mugabe will still be held under EU sanctions
ibtimes.co.uk 
August 8, 2011

A torture camp allegedly run by Zimbabwe's security forces has been discovered by BBC Panorama, the news agency said.
An investigation led by the Panorama team discovered that the government's forces are running a torture camp in one of the country's richest diamond region.
The team says they have been in direct contact with people who had been in these camps and suffered severe beatings and sexual assault and made to work in extremely dangerous conditions.
Security forces were also accused of randomly setting dogs on the people who are held captive, while subjecting them to whippings.
"It is a place of torture where sometimes miners are unable to walk on account of the beatings," the report quoted a victim, who was released from the main camp in February, as saying.
"It is near an area known as Zengeni near Marange, said to be one of the world's most significant diamond fields. The camp is about one mile from the main Mbada mine that the EU wants to approve exports from," the report said, adding that the company that runs the mine was headed by a personal friend of President Robert Mugabe.
A second camp was said to be located in nearby Muchena.
The controversial Marange diamond fields are among the most significant known sources of the precious stones in the world.
Witnesses told the BBC that the camps had now been operating for at least three years, and that people held captive there are kept in an outdoor enclosure fenced-off by razor wire.
Marange diamonds were banned in 2009 by the Kimberley Process (KP), an international certification system to regulate trade in rough diamonds, however in June the company announced that the export ban on diamonds from two Marange mines had been lifted.
According to Reuters, the ban was lifted after industry regulators insisted the mines had met the minimum conditions requested.
The EU which had at the time refused to accept the decision has recently been pushing for the partial lifting of the trade ban on diamonds from two mines in the area, on the condition that the situation continues to be closely monitored, the BBC reported.
However fears have been raised as the 'torture camp' is said to be located about one mile from the main Mbada mine that the EU wants to approve exports from according to the BBC.
 
Marange diamond field: Zimbabwe torture camp discovered

Marange could represent as much as a fifth of the world's diamonds deposits

A torture camp run by Zimbabwe's security forces is operating in the country's rich Marange diamond fields, BBC Panorama has found.
The programme heard from recent victims who told of severe beatings and sexual assault.
The claims come as the European Union pushes to let some banned diamonds from the country led by President Robert Mugabe back onto world markets.
The Zimbabwean government has not responded to the BBC's findings.
In an internal document seen by the BBC, the EU said it was confident that two mines in the area now meet international standards and it wants diamonds from those areas to be immediately approved for export, which would partially lift a trade ban dating back to 2009.
The ban was imposed by the Kimberley Process (KP), the international organisation that polices diamonds, following reports of large-scale killings and abuse by Zimbabwe's security forces in the Marange diamond fields.

'Forty whips'

The main torture camp uncovered by the programme is known locally as "Diamond Base". Witnesses said it is a remote collection of military tents, with an outdoor razor wire enclosure where the prisoners are kept.
It is near an area known as Zengeni in Marange, said to be one of the world's most significant diamond fields. The camp is about one mile from the main Mbada mine that the EU wants to approve exports from.
The company that runs the mine is headed by a personal friend of President Mugabe. A second camp is located in nearby Muchena.
"It is the place of torture where sometimes miners are unable to walk on account of the beatings," a victim who was released from the main camp in February told the BBC.
All the released prisoners the BBC spoke to requested anonymity.
"They beat us 40 whips in the morning, 40 in the afternoon and 40 in the evening," said the man, who still could not use one of his arms after the beatings and could barely walk.
"They used logs to beat me here, under my feet, as I lay on the ground. They also used stones to beat my ankles."


Women are released more quickly, often after being raped, witnesses said.
"Even if someone dies there, the soldiers do not disclose, because they do not want it known," an officer in Zimbabwe's military told the BBC, again on condition of anonymity.
Witnesses said the camps have been operating for at least three years.
In Marange, the police and military recruit civilians to illegally dig for diamonds for them. Those workers are taken to the camps for punishment if they demand too large a share of the profits.
Civilians caught mining for themselves are also punished in the camps.


Dog maulings

A former member of a paramilitary police unit who worked in the main camp in late 2008 told the BBC that at the time he tortured prisoners by mock-drowning them and whipping them on their genitals.
He also said that dogs were methodically ordered by a handler to maul prisoners.
"They would handcuff the prisoner, they would unleash the dogs so that he can bite," he said. "There was a lot of screaming".
He said one woman was bitten on the breast by the dogs whilst he was working in the camp.
"I do not think she survived," he said.
Another witness the BBC spoke to said he was locked up in Muchena camp in 2008 after police set dogs on him.
He was recaptured in November 2010.
"Nothing has changed between 2008 and 2010... a lot of people are still being beaten or bitten by dogs."

'Pandering'

Marange diamonds were banned in 2009 by the KP, the international initiative of the diamond industry, national governments and non-governmental organisations that attempts to keep conflict or so-called "blood" diamonds out of the lucrative market.
Representatives of the KP visited the area briefly in August 2010 and concluded that the situation in the diamond areas was still problematic but there had been significant progress.
The KP had previously requested that the Zimbabwean police secure the diamond area.
Witnesses told the BBC that it is Zimbabwe's police and military that run the torture camps.
Nick Westcott, spokesman for the Working Group on Monitoring of the KP, said of the BBC's discovery of the torture camps: "It is not something that has been notified to the Kimberley Process."
The EU's proposal to allow diamond sales from two key mines in Marange to resume is part of an attempt to broker a deal within the KP, which is in turmoil over the issue.

In June, KP chairman Matieu Yamba formally announced that the export ban on the two key Marange mines was lifted with immediate effect. The EU, among others, did not accept his decision.
Now the EU's proposal, designed to break the deadlock, agrees with the partial lifting of the ban, but insists that international monitoring should continue throughout Marange.
Panorama asked the Foreign Office to comment on the EU's position.
In a statement, Henry Bellingham MP, Minister for Africa, said: "It is only from these locations that we support exports, subject to ongoing monitoring. From all other Marange mines, the UK and the EU continue to strongly oppose the resumption of exports until independent, international experts deem them to comply with the KP."
Critics have said it is a weak proposal.
Annie Dunneback of the advocacy group Global Witness said of the EU proposal: "It is the latest in a series of deals that have cast aside the principle of exports for progress and pandered to the demands of the Zimbabwean government."

Our tags about Blood diamonds & Dictators in Africa
The Orthodox Church in Zimbabwe
Is capitalism compatible with Orthodox Christianity?
Fathers of Church & Capitalism : Interest, Usury, Capitalism
The holy anarchists... in the Egyptian Desert
Orthodox Mission in Tropical Africa (& the Decolonization of Africa)
LIVE, BEYOND THE LIMITS!
«African needs to be helped, to find his divine roots, for his soul to be at peace, to become united with God...»

Child soldiers & blood diamonds in Central African Republic


Central African Republic child soldiers: 
Violence, anger and frustration increase risk 
of recruitment

 
The CAR has been gutted by violence since a mainly Muslim rebel group, the Seleka, 
seized power in March 2013. Reuters.



More children in Central African Republic (CAR) are at risk of being recruited as child soldiers by militant groups following a new outbreak of violence in the conflict-ridden nation, a children charity has warned.
CAR descended into chaos in 2013 after former leader Francois Bozize was overthrown during a coup. As a result of the political unrest, Muslim Seleka and Christian (our note: non orthodox) anti-Balaka militias engaged in tit-for-tat violence that has killed thousands of people and prompted hundreds of thousands to flee their homes. In the latest episode of violence in September, some 42 people were killed in Bangui in retaliation to the killing of a Muslim motorcycle taxi driver.
Both sides have been accused of recruiting child soldiers, with the UN estimating at least 10,000 children have been used as soldiers since the conflict erupted. A UN-brokered deal earlier in May resulted in the release of hundreds of children used as child soldiers or sex slaves, but NGOs fear many more are still used in fighting.
World Vision UK, an international children charity, warned more international pressure is needed to discourage militant groups from recruiting children. Erica Hall, World Vision's senior child rights policy adviser, went to CAR in September to work on an assessment with the charity's team based in the capital Bangui. However, she and her colleagues had to be evacuated to Congo following the upsurge of violence.



"Before being evacuated, we saw lots of barricades, people were very agitated," she told IBTimes UK. "There were crowds gathering at immigration custom check points and there was definitely a lot of frustration, anger and fear.
"Recruitment of children has been an issue since the outbreak of the conflict. There has been some quite considerable effort by the UN to demobilise children, but of course when you have any upsurge in fighting, it means you need more soldiers."
Hall explained that not only children are forcibly recruited by militant groups, but they also join voluntarily as a result of their frustration and anger at the deteriorating situation in the country. "This is what we call the 'push factor'," she said. "Children are quite desperate and there's a lot of anger that comes out in all ages. Children are more vulnerable to being forcefully recruited, but they also choose to join as a response to the insecurity and they try to support one group or another."
World Vision expressed fears that fighting, contained in Bangui, will affect other areas of the country. "The violence is working its way out in the country and this creates the perfect storm for recruitment," Hall said and added that an immediate end to the conflict is what the charity hopes for. Meanwhile, she said action is needed to avoid the recruitment of child soldiers.
"We need more international pressure on different armed groups to not recruit children, but we also need to address factors that underline children's vulnerability," she said. "We also need to give them a space to do something productive, it makes a difference because this anger builds up and they need an outlet for it and this, unfortunately,can lead to recruitment."

 
Francis, 14, joined the Christian anti-balaka militant group after his brother and uncle were killed by the Muslim Seleka militants.World Vision
Former child soldier speaks: 14-year old Francis joined anti-Balaka to avenge brother's death
Francis, who lives in CAR's Yaloke district, joined the anti-Balaka militant group after his brother and uncle were allegedly killed by the Seleka.
"I went to join the anti-Balaka because I couldn't let the death of my brother go unpunished," he told World Vision. "I killed two people with a knife - two Fulani children, then I ran to Zawa, 30km from Yaloke. I continued fighting for the anti-Balaka, I killed two more boys around 15-years old. I returned to Yaloke but the fighting has gotten more difficult because the Seleka were backed there. I killed another man in Yaloke, in a place called Lala. I used a knife."
Francis then fled the group and went to live back with his mother in Yaloke. He said: "I'm not sure what I want to see for my country in the future... it is too difficult for me to answer. But all I know is I don't want to join any armed groups anymore. I want peace, we need peace and I'm happy that the laws of the country are coming back."
The charity said: "World Vision has been supporting him and other helped Francis and other former child soldiers in our child friendly spaces where children like him can have the chance to experience a little bit of normality – a place where they can be children and play in safety. We have also been providing families with food and clothing, as well as practical assistance to return to school.

Τρίτη 22 Μαρτίου 2016

Ebola Diamonds


What do Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea have in common?

Photo from here

Σάββατο 5 Σεπτεμβρίου 2015

L'Afrique de l'Ouest et ses guerres civiles

LiberationAfrica4

Le concept de "guerres nomades" a été avancé pour évoquer les conflits en Afrique de l'Ouest depuis les années 1990. De la crise du Biafra en 1967 à la guerre au Mali aujourd'hui, questions à Kouassi Yao, maître de conférence en histoire à l'Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny et auteur d'un doctorat d’État sur les guerres civiles en Afrique de 1955 à 2002. 


Soldat Ibo pendant la guerre du Biafra,
1968 (photo de Gilles Caron)
 
La crise du Biafra (1967-1970) peut-elle être considérée comme la première grande guerre civile d’Afrique de l’Ouest au lendemain des indépendances ?

La guerre de sécession de la Province orientale du Nigeria qui s’est déroulée entre 1967 et 1970 n’est pas la première guerre civile d’Afrique. En effet, avant qu’elle n’éclate à partir de juin 1967, l’Afrique avait connu déjà des guerres civiles. Il s’agit de la rébellion armée des Noirs du Sud Soudan contre les Arabo-musulmans du Nord qui a éclaté en août 1955, soit cinq mois avant la proclamation de l’indépendance intervenue le 1er janvier 1956. Les Noirs du Sud qui ont souffert des razzias des marchands d’esclaves du Nord et des atermoiements de la politique britannique qui n’a profité qu’aux élites arabo-musulmanes du Nord, ne veulent plus de cette domination après la fin annoncée de la colonisation britannique. Cette guerre civile opposant le Nord au Sud s’achève après 17 ans de combats par les accords d’Addis-Abeba de mars 1972.
Nous avons ensuite la sécession du Katanga (1960-1963) dans l’ex-Congo belge qui est lié aux conditions de naissance de l’État. Le désordre et le chaos qui s’installent dès la proclamation de l’indépendance précipitent la sécession du Katanga soutenue par les milieux coloniaux belges et la Belgique officielle. Dans la Corne de l’Afrique, le refus de l’ONU d’accorder l’indépendance immédiate à l’ancienne colonie italienne de l’Érythrée, pour satisfaire les intérêts géopolitiques de l’Éthiopie et des États-Unis, précipite le déclenchement de la guerre civile (1960) par les nationalistes après l’annexion de l’Érythrée par l’Éthiopie. Enfin, le Tchad où la politique inégale de mise en valeur du territoire par la France a donné à l’État une coloration Sara, les populations islamisées du Nord se soulèvent du contre « l’État Sara ». Pendant ces sept premières années « d’indépendance », où l’instabilité s’installe progressivement en Afrique, l’Afrique de l’Ouest ressemble à une « oasis de paix », troublée de temps à autre par la guérilla du parti africain pour l’indépendance de la Guinée Bissau et des îles du Cap-Vert (PAIGC) contre la domination portugaise. Aussi, quand éclate la guerre civile du Nigeria, c’est la stupéfaction en Afrique, surtout qu’elle survient dans le pays le plus peuplé d’Afrique.
Du point de vue des caractéristiques, la tentative de sécession de la Province orientale du Nigeria peut être considérée comme la plus grande guerre civile d’Afrique de l’Ouest depuis cinquante ans.
En effet, du point de vue militaire, ce fut un affrontement de type conventionnel tant au niveau des forces que des combats et du matériel utilisé. Alors que l’armée fédérale aligne 120000 hommes, 180 officiers, trois divisions, plusieurs bataillons, des blindés de fabrication britannique, des Mig soviétiques et des canons d’origine américaine, le Biafra lui oppose 50000 hommes, 60 officiers, plusieurs bataillons (au moins 8) et brigades, et des avions bombardiers.
Sur le plan des combats, les deux belligérants mettent en œuvre des techniques et stratégies militaires éprouvées comme le blocus, les bombardements aériens, l’encerclement, les opérations commandos, les attaques terrestres simultanées, offensives et contre-offensives…
Du point des acteurs, outre les soldats nigérians et biafrais (au total 170000 soldats), on a noté la participation de conseillers militaires britanniques, soviétiques, de mercenaires originaires de plusieurs pays, de marchands d’armes occidentaux… Pendant la guerre, les Fédéraux ont reçu, pour des raisons différentes, le soutien des États-Unis, de l’URSS et de la quasi-totalité des pays du monde contre de modestes soutiens pour le Biafra de la part de la Côte d’Ivoire, de la Tanzanie du Gabon, de la Zambie, du Portugal. Du point de vue de la variété des acteurs, la guerre du Biafra, est un modèle de guerre civile internationalisée.
Du point de vue des pertes humaines, ce fut une vraie « boucherie ». Pour deux ans de guerre, on a enregistré près de 2 à 3 millions de morts dus en grande partie aux massacres commis par les soldats fédéraux, les effets du blocus de la Marine nigériane et de la famine qui en a résulté (le chiffre d’un million de morts biafrais tient lieu d’horizon traditionnel de cette crise ndlr). En additionnant le nombre de morts de toutes les guerres civiles que l’Afrique de l’Ouest a connu de 1982 à 2002, elle reste éloignée de la « boucherie » biafraise dont le vrai équivalent reste les guerres du Congo-Zaïre de 1996 à 2000 avec ses 5 à 6 millions de morts !
Enfin, du point de vue de la propagande, l’opposition entre Enugu et Lagos donna lieu à une véritable guerre de communication avant « l’ère de la communication). En effet, le Biafra et ses puissants réseaux médiatiques, politiques, religieux et humanitaires jouaient la carte du « génocide Ibo » tandis que les Fédéraux défendaient la légalité, la souveraineté et l’intégrité du Nigéria et dénonçaient les soutiens biafrais. Cinquante ans après le déclenchement de la sécession biafraise, il est difficile de trouver de trouver en Afrique de l’Ouest, une guerre civile avec de telles caractéristiques… 

Quelles places occupent les guerres du Liberia et du Sierra Leone, marquées notamment par les Blood Diamonds ? Le terme de «guerre nomade» a été forgé pour illustrer leurs lourdes conséquences dans la sous-région.

Les guerres civiles du Liberia et de la Sierra Leone ont marqué durablement l’opinion publique africaine en général et ouest africaine en particulier parce que les atrocités et violences commises par les hordes sauvages de « combattants » drogués et ignorant tout des us et coutumes de la guerre dépassaient l’entendement humain. Ces orgies criminelles avec leurs éventrations, décapitations, sectionnement des membres, viol massif des femmes par des hommes ou avec des objets tranchants, ont bénéficié d’une couverture médiatique exceptionnelle par les média à la recherche de « sensations fortes ». En raison de la banalisation des horreurs, des pillages, des enlèvements, on a assisté à des départs massifs de réfugiés Liberiens et Sierra Leonais vers les pays voisins. Ces migrations forcées ont, à leur tour, failli déstabiliser les pays d’accueil comme la Côte d’Ivoire et la Guinée, en raisons des liens linguistiques, ethniques et familiaux que certaines de ces populations en détresse entretenaient avec les peuples frontaliers et la propension de certaines milices à exporter leur guerre chez les voisins qui en ont payé le prix fort avec des pertes en vies humaines. Si on ajoute à ces caractéristiques macabres, le recrutement d’enfant-soldats et les différents trafics auxquels ces « guerres nomades » ont donné lieu, elles méritent bien leur appellation de « guerres civiles modèles » africaines des années 1990.
Le problème est qu’en surmédiatisant ces guerres civiles, on a fini par leur donner une autre image en faisant croire qu’il s’agissait de guerres de prédation dont la finalité était l’enrichissement au moyen des ressources naturelles monnayables comme le fer, le bois pour le Liberia et le diamant pour la Sierra Leone. Il est vrai que les trafics et réseaux mafieux de toutes sortes ont permis à des mouvements rebelles armés, des individus, des combattants, des multinationales, des mercenaires et des États de s’enrichir des « Blood Diamonds ». Mais la conquête des zones diamantifères n’était pas la finalité du combat du RUF (Revolutionary United Front) ou du NPFL (National Patriotic Front of Liberia) parce qu’elles servaient en premier lieu de moyen de financement de la guerre. La preuve, après six mois de combats, le NPFL était sur le point de s’emparer du Palais présidentiel, « l’Eexcutive Mansion » n’eût été l’intervention énergique de l’Ecomog ! De même, en Sierra Leone, Le RUF après avoir conquis les mines de diamant, a tenté à deux reprises de s’emparer de Freetown, siège du pouvoir politique, n’eût été la réaction désespérée du gouvernement qui a fait appel aux mercenaires d’Executive Outcomes (mars 1995) et l’Ecomog qui a chassé le RUF de Freetown en janvier 1999 ! Réduire donc les motivations des groupes armés à des préoccupations essentiellement mercantiles comme le contrôle des Blood Diamonds, n’est pas juste car il évacue maladroitement les causes véritables de certaines guerres civiles. 


Graffiti à Aspen (Colorado, États-Unis)

Comment interpréter les conflits armés survenus depuis les années 2000 (crises ivoiriennes depuis 2002, guerre au Mali depuis 2013) : participent-ils de crises internes de régime ou de crises internationalisées ?

Comme facteurs explicatifs des crises ivoiriennes et maliennes, on peut retenir les deux à savoir, la crise interne de régime et l’influence de l’extérieur. Concernant le premier point une constante dans l’analyse des guerres civiles en Afrique est à souligner : il s’agit de la place et du rôle de l’État dans le la formation des guerres civiles. Avant 1990, l’État africain contrôlé par des dictateurs comme Siad Barré, Idi Amin, Gaafar Nimeiry, François Tombalbaye, Mobutu Sese Seko, Jean-Bedel Bokassa, Samuel Doe ou Mengistu Hailé Mariam utilisaient la toute puissance de l’État pour écraser, tuer et réduire au silence les peuples et les « déstabilisateurs ». Ils bénéficiaient du soutien de Paris, de Washington, de Londres ou de Moscou qui avaient besoin de ces « hommes forts » pour ancrer solidement leurs pays dans le « bon camp » ! Guerre froide oblige. La politique de ces dictatures qui violaient massivement les droits de l’homme finit par entraîner le déclenchement de rébellions armées contre ce qu’on pourrait appeler le « trop d’État ».
Après 1990, c’est le phénomène inverse. Les États laminés par la crise économique sont déliquescents et ne peuvent plus assumer leurs missions régaliennes à savoir assurer la sécurité, faciliter l’accès à l’eau potable, à l’éducation, à la santé. Gangrénés par la corruption d’État qui permet l’évasion fiscale et le détournement des ressources nationales au profit de quelques privilégiés. Les États s’enfoncent dans la pauvreté généralisée et ne sont plus que des coquilles vides à l’image du Sierra Leone, de la Côte d’Ivoire ou du Mali, méritant bien l’appellation de « Failed states ». Cette situation favorise la naissance de groupes hostiles à l’État (bandes armées du RUF) qui croient trouver dans la violence, le moyen d’imposer une nouvelle donne politique et sociale à même de relever leur pays. D’autres croient trouver la solution dans l’affirmation de leur identité qui doit précéder une réforme profonde de l’État et une nouvelle approche de la citoyenneté (rébellions armées touarègues du Mali et du Niger). Enfin, des États croient trouver la solution à la crise dans une sorte de repli nationaliste aux contours flous (Côte d’Ivoire). La réponse est maladroite car, elle ne fait qu’exacerber les passions ethniques et religieuses. Ici, c’est « l’absence d’État » qui explique la violence.
Ainsi, que ce soit avant ou après 1990, l’État africain se présente come un facteur structurel de conflictualité. Cette situation, et c’est le deuxième point, est aggravée par l’incapacité de l’Etat à prévenir ou à gérer les conséquences de certaines crises politiques et sécuritaires qui se déroulent à ses portes. C’est le cas de l’État du Mali dont la faiblesse ne lui a pas permis d’empêcher l’installation progressive de jihadistes dans le Nord Mali (Aqmi, Mujao et Ansar-dine), des circuits mafieux de la drogue organisés par les cartels colombiens, le retour en force des mouvements rebelles touarègues et l’entrée massive des armes au Nord Mali, suite à l’implosion de la Lybie en 2011. Plutôt que de parler de crises internationalisées, il serait plus juste de parler de crises de régime, de crise de l’État dont les facteurs explicatifs se déclinent en facteurs endogènes et exogènes.