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Τρίτη 8 Αυγούστου 2023
Δευτέρα 14 Ιουνίου 2021
Το «Πράσινο Τείχος» της Αφρικής. Φιλοδοξεί να ενώσει τις δύο άκρες της Ηπείρου και να «σταματήσει» την ερημοποίηση και την Σαχάρα...
Δημιουργήθηκε για να ανακόψει την ερημοποίηση της γης νότια της Σαχάρα, εκτείνεται από τη μία άκρη της Αφρικανικής ηπείρου στην άλλη και όταν ολοκληρωθεί θα αποτελεί το μεγαλύτερο οικοσύστημα χλωρίδας στον πλανήτη. Ο λόγος για το Μεγάλο Πράσινο Τείχος της Αφρικής.
Πώς γεννήθηκε η ιδέα του Πράσινου Τείχους;
Τη δεκαετία του 1970, η στεπική λωρίδα γης νότια της ερήμου Σαχάρα στην Αφρική, το Σαχέλ, όπως ονομάζεται, άρχισε να απειλείται από την ξηρασία. Η κάποτε καταπράσινη και πλούσια σε βλάστηση περιοχή, που για χρόνια αποτελούσε τον «πνεύμονα» της Δυτικής Αφρικής και έπαιζε καθοριστικό ρόλο στη γεωργία και τις καλλιέργειες ολόκληρης της ηπείρου, ξεκίνησε να μετατρέπεται σε άγονη ζώνη.
Το πράσινο τείχος της Αφρικής, όπως φαίνεται την περίοδο της άνοιξης (Πηγή: Great Green Wall - ιστοσελίδα για το Μεγάλο Πράσινο Τείχος)
Τόσο η κλιματική αλλαγή όσο η δραματική αύξηση του πληθυσμού και οι κακές πρακτικές διαχείρισης του εδάφους, οδήγησαν σταδιακά σ’ αυτή την επικίνδυνη «μεταμόρφωση». Χωρίς επαρκή εύφορη γη για την καλλιέργεια τροφής και με διαρκή έλλειψη νερού, η επιβίωση του ντόπιου πληθυσμού κλονίστηκε. Η πείνα θέριζε, αφήνοντας ανά περιόδους εκατοντάδες νεκρούς, η ανεργία και η οικονομική ύφεση έγιναν καθημερινότητα και η μετανάστευση μονόδρομος.
Έτσι, τις επόμενες δεκαετίες, γεννήθηκε η ιδέα του «Μεγάλου Πράσινου Τείχους» από μια ομάδα ηγετών της Αφρικανικής ηπείρου, στην προσπάθειά τους να βρουν μια μακροπρόθεσμη λύση στο πρόβλημα. Ενός τείχους ζωντανού, που θα εκτείνεται από τη μία άκρη της Αφρικής στην άλλη και, σε αντίθεση με τα προηγούμενα τείχη που γνώρισε η ανθρωπότητα, θα πρόσφερε ειρήνη και ζωή.
Το «Μεγάλο Πράσινο Τείχος»
Το «Μεγάλο Πράσινο Τείχος» θα αποτελούσαν εκατοντάδες χιλιάδες δέντρα ανθεκτικά στην ξηρασία, που θα εκτείνονταν από τις δυτικές παραλίες της Σενεγάλης στο ανατολικό Τζιμπουτί, σε μία γραμμή μήκους σχεδόν 8.000 χιλιομέτρων και πλάτους 15 χιλιομέτρων. Η φιλόδοξη πρωτοβουλία περιβαλλοντικής αποκατάστασης ξεκίνησε να παίρνει σάρκα και οστά το 2008, υπό την αιγίδα της Αφρικανικής Ένωσης, όταν υπογράφηκε και η αντίστοιχη συμφωνία μεταξύ 11 χωρών.
Το Πράσινο Τείχος αναμένεται να ολοκληρωθεί το 2030, ωστόσο από τα πρώτα χρόνια δημιουργίας του, άρχισε να αποδίδει καρπούς. Στη Νιγηρία, 5 εκατομμύρια εκτάρια γης έχουν ήδη αποκατασταθεί και βρίθουν από πλούσια βλάστηση, ενώ στη Σενεγάλη, μία από τις φτωχότερες χώρες της Αφρικής, τα 120 εκατομμύρια στρέμματα δενδρυλλίων που φυτεύτηκαν, προσφέρουν πλέον γόνιμο έδαφος στην περιοχή. Στην Αιθιοπία αποκαταστάθηκαν 15 εκατ. εκτάρια γης. Η δενδροφύτευση και η συντήρηση δένδρων άνοιξαν χιλιάδες νέες θέσεις εργασίας, που βοήθησαν τους φτωχούς κατοίκους της έρημης περιοχής να βελτιώσουν το βιοτικό τους επίπεδο. Στον Νίγηρα, τα 5 εκατ. εκτάρια γης που αποκαταστάθηκαν, βοήθησαν στην καλλιέργεια πεντακοσίων χιλιάδων τόνων σιτηρών το χρόνο, ποσότητα ικανή να θρέψει τουλάχιστον 2,5 εκατομμύρια κόσμο.
Μέχρι την ολοκλήρωσή του, το πρόγραμμα αναμένεται να κοστίσει γύρω στα 8 δισεκατομμύρια δολάρια. Για τη χρηματοδότησή του έχουν συνεισφέρει η Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα, η Αφρικανική Ένωση, τα Ηνωμένα Έθνη και οι Βοτανικοί Κήποι του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου. Από τις αρχικές 11 χώρες που υπέγραψαν την πρωτοβουλία, σήμερα υπάρχει μια συνεχώς διευρυνόμενη ομάδα περισσότερων από 20 χωρών σε ολόκληρη την Αφρική που έχουν ενταχθεί σε αυτό το παναφρικανικό όραμα.
Αρχική φωτογραφία: To «Μεγάλο Πράσινο Τείχος» της Αφρικής (Πηγή: Great Green Wall)
In English: The Great Green Wall in Africa – Growing a world wonder
Διαβάστε όλο το άρθρο: http://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/to-quot-prasino-teichos-quot-tis-afrikis/
Διαβάστε όλο το άρθρο: http://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/to-quot-prasino-teichos-quot-tis-afrikis/
Σάββατο 12 Ιουνίου 2021
The Great Green Wall in Africa – Growing a world wonder
The
Great Green Wall is an African-led movement with an epic ambition to
grow an 8,000km natural wonder of the world across the entire width of
Africa.
A decade in and roughly 15% underway, the initiative is
already bringing life back to Africa’s degraded landscapes at an
unprecedented scale, providing food security, jobs and a reason to stay
for the millions who live along its path.
The Wall promises to be a
compelling solution to the many urgent threats not only facing the
African Continent, but the global community as a whole – notably climate
change, drought, famine, conflict and migration.
Once complete, the
Great Green Wall will be the largest living structure on the planet, 3
times the size of the Great Barrier Reef.
Improving millions of lives
The
Great Green Wall is taking root in Africa's Sahel region, at the
southern edge of the Sahara desert - one of the poorest places on the
planet.
More than anywhere else on Earth, the Sahel is on the
frontline of climate change and millions of locals are already facing
its devastating impact. Persistent droughts, lack of food, conflicts
over dwindling natural resources, and mass migration to Europe are just
some of the many consequences.
Yet, communities from Senegal in the West to Djibouti in the East are fighting back.
Since
the birth of the initiative in 2007, life has started coming back to
the land, bringing improved food security, jobs and stability to
people’s lives.
A global symbol
The
Great Green Wall isn’t just for the Sahel. It is a global symbol for
humanity overcoming its biggest threat – our rapidly degrading
environment. It shows that if we can work with nature, even in
challenging places like the Sahel, we can overcome adversity, and build a
better world for generations to come.
More than just growing trees
and plants, the Great Green Wall is transforming the lives of millions
of people in the Sahel region.
The Great Green Wall contributes directly to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals. These 17 Goals adopted by world leaders aim to end poverty, promote prosperity and well-being for all, and protect the planet.
In 2015, world leaders agreed to 17 goals for a better world by 2030. These goals have the power to end poverty, fight inequality and stop climate change. Guided by these goals, it is now up to all of us, governments, businesses, civil society and the general public to work together to build a better future for everyone.
The Great Green Wall strikes right at the heart of the fight against poverty and contributes directly to the 2030 global agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
The Great Green Wall supports an astonishing 15 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Growing a green wall across the Sahel does much more than just restore degraded land. This extraordinary initiative fights poverty and hunger, builds local resilience to climate change, improves health and well-being, creates jobs, boosts economic opportunities and much much more.
It’s up to us all to become leaders and support communities along the Wall in achieving this urgent and epic dream. Join a growing movement of people around the world who are working to help grow the Great Green Wall.
Διαβάστε όλο το άρθρο: http://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/to-quot-prasino-teichos-quot-tis-afrikis/
Διαβάστε όλο το άρθρο: http://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/to-quot-prasino-teichos-quot-tis-afrikis/
Τετάρτη 12 Φεβρουαρίου 2020
List of West Africa hurricanes
List of tropical cyclones
This is a list of tropical cyclones that have either made direct landfall in Western Africa and its surrounding islands or have come close to making landfall.
Before 1950
- September 10, 1900: A tropical storm formed on September 8, 1900, at 10°N-18.5°W and moved northwestward. The storm rapidly gained strength as it reached hurricane on September 9. The hurricane continued moving northwestward as it bypassed the Cape Verde Islands to the west at Category 1 strength. The storm later reached Category 2 status after passing the islands. Despite its close proximity to the islands, it's unclear if any watches or warnings were issued nor were any reports of damage or fatalities reported from the storm.[1]
- August 29, 1901: A tropical depression formed on August 29 and moved westward where it became a tropical storm. The storm brushed the Cape Verde's before continuing on westward and becoming a hurricane. The storm caused no damage on the islands.[2]
- August 25, 1906: A tropical storm brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a 40 mph (64 km/h) tropical storm causing no damage. Days later, the storm strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane.[3]
- September 2, 1927 : A weak tropical storm passed through the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a category 2 hurricane. There was no recorded damage after the storm's passing through the islands.[4]
- September 6, 1928: The 1928 Lake Okeechobee Hurricane passed through the Cape Verde Islands as a weak tropical storm.[5]
- September 10, 1938: Before becoming a hurricane, the 1938 New England Hurricane passed through the Cape Verde Islands as a 40 mph (64 km/h) tropical storm.[6]
- September 5, 1947: The Fort Lauderdale Hurricane brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a Category 1 hurricane at 0000 UTC. There were no reports of damage or injuries from the hurricane.[7]
- September 5, 1948: A mid season hurricane brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a Category 1 storm. There were no reports of damage or injuries from that storm.[8]
1950-1979
- August 19, 1952: Tropical Depression Two struck the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.[9]
- August 28, 1953: Tropical Depression Four passed through the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.[10]
- September 3, 1957: While transitioning to a tropical storm, Tropical Depression Four passed south of the Cape Verde Islands causing no damage.[11]
- August 8, 1958: Tropical Depression Two passed through the Cape Verde Islands before reaching tropical storm strength. There were no reports of damage.[12]
- September 5, 1964: Tropical Depression Eight brushed the Cape Verde Islands before reaching tropical storm strength. The storm caused no known damage.[13]
- September 5, 1967: Tropical Depression Three passed through the Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.[14]
- October 5, 1967: Tropical Storm Ginger formed east of the Cape Verde Islands on October 5. The storm reached a peak intensity of 50 mph before dissipating two days later. Ginger's formation was the farthest east on record for an Atlantic tropical cyclone.[15][16]
- September 12, 1968: Tropical Depression Seven brushed the Cape Verde Islands before reaching tropical storm strength.[17]
- August 25, 1973: Tropical Depression Nine formed over western Africa at 10°N-15°W before reaching tropical storm strength.[18]
- September 15, 1973: Tropical Storm Ellen brushed the Cape Verde Islands as a 45 mph (72 km/h) tropical storm,[19] before becoming a hurricane.
- September 4, 1979: Tropical Depression Eleven brushed the northern Cape Verde Islands before becoming a hurricane.[20]
1980-1999
- September 4, 1980: Tropical Depression Nine brushed the northern Cape Verde Islands hours before becoming a hurricane.[21]
- August 29, 1982: Tropical Storm Beryl of 1982 passed south of the Cape Verde Islands, killing 3 people and injuring 112 people.[22][23]
- September 16, 1984: Tropical Depression Nine bypassed the Cape Verde Islands to the south before reaching tropical storm strength.[24] The storm killed 31 people, mainly from landslides and flooding.[23]
- September 8, 1988: Tropical Storm Thirteen formed extremely close to western Africa on September 6 where it moved slightly northwestward and dissipated. It was not named because of its extreme location at the time, and it was originally thought to be a tropical depression. However, post storm analysis revealed that the system had maintained tropical storm strength for at least 48 hours. The storm produced heavy rain but caused no reported damage.
- September 18, 1989: Before reaching hurricane status, Hurricane Erin passed through the Cape Verde Islands as a tropical depression, causing no damage.[25]
- September 21, 1998: Hurricane Jeanne of 1998 passed south of the Cape Verde Islands as a Category 1 hurricane.[26] Because of Jeanne's rapid formation, forecasters predicted that the storm will bring tropical storm conditions to the Cape Verde Islands. However, the storm's center stayed off shore and there were no reports of damage.[27]
2000-present
- August 4, 2000: The tropical wave that later became Hurricane Alberto dropped 1 inch (25 mm) of rain across Dakar, Senegal and produced winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) off the West African coastline.[28]
- September 9, 2003: Tropical Depression Fourteen brushed the Cape Verde Islands after reaching peak intensity of 35 mph (56 km/h).[29] The depression produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds to the islands.[30]
- November 23, 2005: Tropical Storm Delta, after meandering eastward in the Atlantic Ocean for several days, struck the Canary Islands shortly after becoming extratropical, and 70 mph (110 km/h) winds with 90 mph (150 km/h) gusts caused over $360 million (2005 USD) in damage and nineteen deaths.[31][32] The remnants of Delta then struck Morocco, where no damage was reported.
- August 21, 2006: Tropical Storm Debby passed south of the Cape Verde Islands as a tropical depression. A tropical storm warning was issued for the Cape Verde Islands, but was discontinued when Debby turned further westward and away from the islands.
- September 9, 2010: Tropical Storm Igor passed about 30 miles (48 km) to the south of the southernmost Cape Verde Islands,[33] bringing tropical storm force winds to Brava & Fogo,[34] before reaching hurricane strength.
- August 31, 2015: Hurricane Fred reached Category 1 strength as it hit Cape Verde, resulting in hurricane conditions across many of the islands. Seven people died when their fishing boat capsized off the coast of Guinea-Bissau, and another two fishermen were presumed dead after never returning to Boa Vista.
- September 8, 2018: Tropical Storm Helene dropped heavy rainfall in Guinea, triggering flooding that claimed three lives in Doko.[35]
Monitoring stations
The Cape Verde Islands has only one tropical cyclone monitoring station in Sal.[36] In Western Africa, there are three tropical cyclone monitoring stations in Dakar, Senegal,[37] Bamako, Mali[38] and Niamey, Niger[39]Climatological statistics
At least 31 tropical cyclones have affected Western Africa and its surrounding islands since records began in 1851. The majority of the storms affect West Africa and Cape Verde islands during the months of August and September which are the active months of a typical Atlantic hurricane season.[40]
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Deadliest storms
The following is a list of Atlantic tropical storms that caused fatalities in West Africa and its surrounding islands.| Name | Year | Number of deaths |
|---|---|---|
| Fran | 1984 | 31 |
| Delta | 2005 | 19 |
| Fred | 2015 | 9 |
| Beryl | 1982 | 3 |
| Helene | 2018 | 3 |








