Icon - hunokosha chaizvo chikamu chiKristu. Rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki rinoreva "mufananidzo." Kazhinji, vasande siyana, Amai vaMwari vanotaurwa muna kuzvidhori, Iisus Hristos kana zviito kwakaitika kare, uye vanotsanangurwa muMagwaro.
General ruzivo pamusoro kuzvidhori, kukosha kwavo pakunamataVachananzva vanoratidzwa icon, kwete Ishe Mwari. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti aida chete kuyeuchidza achinyengetera raMwari. Naizvozvo, vanonyora vari icon hakusi chiso, uye chiso. Zvikuru pane maziso anoratidza kudzika mweya. No zvishoma zvinokosha uye ruoko nemasaini kuti vatakure imwe nechinangwa.
Vamwe nhamba Airy chaizvo, sezvo rakagadzirirwa kuratidza simba romukati. Zviri ichi uye kusimbisa.
Pane imwe nguva pakati vemifananidzo zvakava akakurumbira echitendero dingindira. Uye ndinoda - mifananidzo uye mifananidzo pamusoro iwoyo anoratidzwa pamusoro payo chete musande, somuenzaniso. Asi pasi pane kanivhasi yomudzimu, uye wechipiri haasi. Saka, tinofanira kuita zvinoenderana iconography kare zvekunyora seakafuridzirwa kuti vanodzinga netsaona mashoko. chidimbu chimwe nechimwe anotakura imwe nechinangwa uye mutoro pakunamata.
Icon kubva nemaonero zvenhoroondo
Pakuonekwa mifananidzo yakatanga kusvika AD I remakore Zvinofungidzirwa kuti wokutanga vavo akasikwa naRuka, uyo akanyora mumwe zvikamu Gospel. Maererano wechipiri shanduro, mukuru nzira kuroverera pachiso chaJesu Kristu, kana Akatsvoda tauro panguva yokushambidza.
Zvisinei, mifananidzo kupfuura kare akawanikwa yomusi kudzokera VI remakore. Vakanga yakaitwa Byzantine Empire, aiva simba guru pamusoro kunyora kwemifananidzo. Mairi chete, asi pave paya, zvakanyorwa nokuda canons kunyora mifananidzo.
History mifananidzo vaine nguva. Vakatambudzwa, ndakajeka, uye kushandura kunyora manyorerwo. Mumwe nomumwe mifananidzo inoratidza nguva, mumwe nomumwe akasiyana. A yakawanda kwemifananidzo, exudes mura, misodzi, ropa, kurapa vanorwara munguva dzokutambudzika. Vari aionekwa zvinhu zvikuru zvinoera.
How rokusika mifananidzo
Icon - Naizvozvo, chiratidzo chinokosha nokuda mutendi, muitiro pakusika kuratidzira kwenguva refu nguva rakarondedzera canons, izvo zvichiri vakachengetedzwa. Kuunza chifananidzo - hazvina kutsanya, unofanira kushoma kwemwedzi mitatu kuti chinangwa ichi.
Kuumba mifananidzo ine matanho kuti zvakajeka kuchengetwa:
- The kusarudza huni uye anogadzira zvinhu bhodhi, ichazovapo hwaro.
- Zvadaro, pose yakagadzirira. Izvi kuitira kuti mufananidzo yakaramba nguva refu pasina change. Kuti aite izvi, kuita zviito akawanda. Tanga nomusoro, mvura namira ari ipapo zvikashandiswa, mushure - lähikuva (gesso). Last anofanira kutevedzerwa kakati uye ngaiparadzanise dziome kwazvo pashure - gaya. Kazhinji pamberi gesso rukoko iri glued kana pavoloka serpyanku (jira rinokosha).
- The rakatevera Danho - the kuita. Izvi hazvina mufananidzo chokupedzisira - chete redunhu. Zvinofanira kuva mushure manikidzira chinhu unopinza, saka hazvina kurasika pakati mamwe akaturikidzana.
- Kana icon chichava gilding, zvinofanira kutevedzerwa izvozvi, panguva ino.
- Zvino tinofanira kugadzirira pendi. Kuti uone icon inofanira kutorwa dzinongoitika.
- Wekutanga monochromatic pendi Zvakarurama pamusoro necheseri uye dolichnye okunze.
- Zvadaro panouya mufananidzo. Dolichnye rokutanga kubudiswa okunze (landscape, zvipfeko), ipapo pendi dzakavanzika zvenyu (maoko, tsoka, chiso). Uyewo kusaina kuvake (uyo anorondedzerwa pachiri).
- The Kupedzwa kubatwa ndiyo mishonga pamwe varnish kana lacquer.
Ipapo icon uvatsvenese.
The kukosha uye kukosha kwemifananidzo mukerekeAll kuzvidhori vari mutemberi kukosha kwavo, vari panzvimbo. Vanobatanidzwa muchechi iconostasis iri pakarepo zvinoonekwa. A rusvingo yemapuranga riri pamberi peatari yetemberi. Pairi - mufananidzo upenyu hwaKristu, Kurondedzerwa kutambura kwake.
Unofanira kuziva kuti mifananidzo ose ichimuremera panzvimbo yayo haisi tsaona. Pakati kunodiwa ndiyo inonzi Deesis akatevedzana umo mune kutenda vakawanda zvitsvene. At kwayo centre - mufananidzo waKristu Wemasimbaose. Top - yezororo mufananidzo, pakati pavo - nyaya Testamende Itsva.
In nechepakati iconostasis vari Royal Masuo, uhwo - pearitari. Kurutivi rumwe norumwe - mifananidzo pamwe zviso dzaKristu uye Mhandara. Uyewo, kunewo yakaderera weDanho, iro rizere mifananidzo navatsvene, uyewo mifananidzo mazororo vanonyanya airemekedzwa.
Kutaura chii zvinoreva mifananidzo mukereke, tinogona kuona kukosha kwavo mhemberero siyana, kuyeuchidzwa Jehovha vakatendeka. Vamwe vane chinzvimbo chinokosha sezvo nokuporesa zvirwere zvavo, achiita kuchiva kwenyika. Vanodaidza vane kuonga rubatsiro.
Zvinonzi vakatenda, saka, kuti mifananidzo mukereke ndivo vanozoshanda. Vatendi vanoziva kuti, kuburikidza pasi chikumbiro kuvatsvene zvechokwadi vanoratidzwa pavo kunogona kutarisirwa kubatsira.
In chiKristu, pane kunyanya kunamatwa mifananidzo kwatiri kubva kare. Ndivo kubatana pakati nguva apo zviitiko kwakaitika muBhaibheri, uye needu. Izvi mifananidzo yekare epakutanga kunyanya akaramba mumamiziyamu, asi kazhinji zvakakopwa kune dzimwe mutemberi.
Somuenzaniso, muna Kiev Museum of Western uye Oriental Art dzimba kupfuura kare mufananidzo Ioanna Krestitelya, iyo yakatanga kusvika VI remakore. Zvinonzi akaita kushandisa mabikirwo nguva - encaustic. It akahushandisa kupenda ekare mifananidzo iri Byzantine Empire.
Zviri mumwe mukuru akachengetedzwa mufananidzo uri mufananidzo AVAPOSTORI Petro naPauro. Date kwayo zvisikwa - XI remakore. Zvino anochengeterwa Novgorod Museum. Hakusi chose akachengetedzwa: maoko, chiso uye tsoka havachengeti yepakutanga pendi. Zvisinei, panguva kudzorerwa contours vakanga yoku-.
The kuitika mufananidzo St. George, iyo anochengeterwa kubvuma Cathedral muMoscow, pamusoro zvekungofungira rinoreva magumo XI - kutanga XII remakore. Richengetedzwe zvisaririra zvakanaka.
mifananidzo Ancient - ichi chinokosha nhaka chiKristu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane yayo inokosha nyaya kunyora unyanzvi. The kuongorora kunoratidza kuzvidhori, iyo zvino akashandisa zvinhu kusika navo. Zvinosuruvarisa vashoma chaizvo akapukunyuka mifananidzo ivavo vokutanga, sezvo paine nguva zvinoparadza.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kashoma panguva yakaratidzwa hachishandi. Izvi zvinoratidzwa kuti zvinokosha iconography achiri mufananidzo.
ainzi kuvakeUyu yoga chikamu zvifananidzo muchiKristu. Inowanzonzi kunzi kuzvidhori kuwanwa mukubhabhatidzwa, ipapo vanofanira vakaramba hwose. Zvaiva zviri nani kana ukashamwaridzana nzira yakadaro pamusoro Danga mwana, kuti vakuchengete nayo pakukuvadzwa.
Unofanira kuziva kuti ndiyo icon - ndivo avo izvo zvinomiririra musande uyo kukudza vakabhabhatidzwa munhu. Kazhinji, chifananidzo chakadaro anosarudzwa nokuda mwana. Kana akadaro haasi pakati vatsvene, zvakakodzera kutora ndiye yakanakisisa akakodzera. Saka, mwana rinowanika anorichengeta.
Makarekare mifananidzo yakadaro akarayira zvikuru kuberekwa kana rubhabhatidzo mwana. Vakadaidzwa ndeiya yakaita uye tenzi iri kukura nomucheche.
Ainzi mifananidzo kwete chete kushandiswa pazviitiko. Kunewo:
- Wedding mifananidzo - kushandiswa panguva mhemberero mukereke;
- mhuri - ndivo vatsvene vane mazita dzinoenderana nhengo dzemhuri, vari kazhinji vakapfuura pasi kubva kumarudzi namarudzi kunogona kuratidzwa;
- zvaifanira kuva pamusoro musha iconostasis;
- Icon airemekedzwa mhuri dzvene.
The yakakurumbira mufananidzo Amai vaMwari
Of Kunyanya kushanda ari iconography kune hadzi chimiro, kureva, Amai Divine. mifananidzo yaro chaizvo kukudzwa akatendeka, kazhinji vave nemasimba ezvishamiso. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane zvakunoreva. Chero mifananidzo yakadaro (mufananidzo uri munyaya) ndiyo chepakutanga chaizvo.
- Kazan Icon of Amai vaMwari. Akawanikwa July 8, 1579 pamusoro madota chinopiwa imba Kazan. Icon Izvi seva nekuporesa.
- Iver mufananidzo Amai vaMwari. Kokutanga pamusoro zvakazivikanwa pamusoro IX remakore, kana chishamiso chakaitika, uye nawo ikatanga ropa. Pashure paizvozvo, akanga akawanikwa paGomo Athos mumakore 200. Prayer pamberi kuvake ichi anobatsira panguva ezvinhu akaoma, nokuti kuporesa kana kuwedzera hwevhu.
- Tikhvin Icon of Amai vaMwari. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakanga zvakanyorwa Ruka Evangelist. Zvino kuchengetwa Rossii.Eta kuvake anokudzwa kwazvo vanamai. Zvinobatsira mumunyengetero vana achaporesa vavo. Uyewo nyengeterera vakadzi vake vanoda kuva vanamai.
- Vladimir Icon of Amai vaMwari. Mumwe mukuru, kufambidzana kumativi XI remakore. Today akaramba ari Tretyakov Gallery. Ndinonyengetera kuna Icon ichi munguva yehondo, kusimbisa kutenda. hunotiba- zvirwere (akafanana mupfungwa uye mumuviri). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mifananidzo iyi muchengeti uye mudziviriri yeimba iri zvoupenyu.
Kune dzimwe mifananidzo Amai vaMwari, kunyengeterera. Mumwe mufananidzo - ichi chinokosha kudzivirirwa uye rubatsiro munhukadzi mufananidzo muchiKristu.
Nikolaya Chudotvortsa IconNikolay Chudotvorets - hapana zvishoma vairemekedza musande munyika yechiKristu. Dzokerai naye siyana nyaya - kubva kurwara asati kupedza kukakavara uye utsinye. Akagara III-IV emakore, uye muupenyu hwake akava nomukurumbira nokuti mabasa makuru. Kune vazhinji kwemifananidzo ayo, mifananidzo inoratidza kunamata kwake.
The mufananidzo mukuru mutsvene yakatanga kusvika XI remakore uye iri paGomo reSinai, panguva wemamongi St. Catherine.
To zuva, munyika dzemamongi zhinji uye zvavovo vari zvifananidzo zvake, vane zvinoshamisa ehupfumi.
Icons Mwanakomana waMwari Jesu Kristu
Mumwe mifananidzo rokutanga raJesu Kristu raiva mucherechedzo pamusoro tauro, iyo yakabuda ikoko magic. Munyika yanhasi rainzi Muponesi Not nemaoko.
Kana isu kutaura kuzvidhori Jesu Kristu, zvino yakawanda navo. Panewo dzakawanda yokunyora zvifananidzo ake.
- Muponesi - vaitofanira chiso, kunyora kwake hakuiti vabve seakafuridzirwa.
- Kristu Pantocrator - zvinonzi aidavira kuti uyu mufananidzo wayo mukuru, riri inoenderana paaiparidza zera.
- Holy Face. It chinomiririrwa mhando mbiri - "Muponesi ari ubrus" uye "Muponesi ari dehenya."
Mwanakomana mufananidzo waMwari nhasi ane zvimwe fanira okunze. Izvi denderedzwa rechiedza bhuku, outerwear, keypad, zvomukati. Kuva nechokwadi kuti asaine.
mifananidzo yake uye zvazvinoreva kuva chinzvimbo chinokosha muchiKristu.
Icon of Sergiya RadonezhskogoSergiy Radonezhsky - ichi ndechimwe chezvinhu airemekedzwa vatsvene. Muupenyu hwake, akaita zvakawanda zvakapembererwa muzita raKristu. Mashoko ake ari kuyananiswa uye kwanyarara.
Mirotochenie zvishamiso uye mifananidzo
Mura-kudirana kuvake - icho chishamiso kuti zvikasaitika kakawanda. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti iri nyevero chinhu. Uyewo, Fani iyi angava pamusana refu uye vepachokwadi munyengetero.
Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti mvura, iyo inotaura zvomufananidzo panguva ino, anoporesa. Kana kuti okuzodza vanorwara, chirwere chake kungasiya.
Mirotochenie - zviri zvakare kutanga Jehovha kuvanhu vanotenda. Ichi mashoko ake kwavari.
Mitengo nokuti mifananidzoPose chitoro yechechi unogona kutenga mifananidzo. mitengo yavo angava akasiyana. kupfuura dzinodhura, Chokwadi, ndivo wekare mifananidzo achiripo kufambidzana. Vakawanda vavo vari kuchengetwa mumamiziyamu kana kereke. mifananidzo yakadaro kwete kazhinji kutengeswa chete kufungidzira. Somuenzaniso, mifananidzo vaapostora Petro, Pauro, John, Mark, yomusi XVI remakore. Vari vanofungidzirwa 150 zviuru euros.
Uyewo, mari icon ruchabudirira nepurani yayo. Pashure pezvose, kunyange zvifananidzo akanyorwa nguva yedu, asi yakashongedzwa anokosha nezvinhu (goridhe, sirivha, mabwe anokosha), vachaparadzwa kutengeswa husingakoshi. Price siyana vanogona kutanga 2500 rubles. Mari achavaponesa zvinhu.
Kana uchida chisingakoshi mifananidzo, kuti zviri nyore ari kugadzira. Vanogona kutengwa iri zvitoro pedyo nechechi. mifananidzo Similar inogona kutengwa nemari yakaderera $ 100 uye kupfuura.
Rare mifananidzo chete inogona kutengwa nenzira antiikki chitoro kana kutengeswa ane private muunganidzwa. Zvakaoma kuona mifananidzo iyi uye avo nezvaanoreva, sezvo ari mutendi ivo zvechokwadi rinokosha.
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